The Debate Of The Drinking Age - 959 Words

The drinking age has always been twenty-one in the United States, whenever it has been questioned on why twenty-one and not eighteen. The scientific answer has always been because the eighteen-year-old brain is not fully developed yet. See what I have a hard time understanding is why eighteen-year-olds are considered adults at the age of eighteen, but we can’t have a drink. At eighteen you are allowed to buy cigarettes, join the army, change your name. I just don’t understand why at eighteen you are considered old enough to fight for the country, but you can’t just have a drink. I also do not quite understand why we haven’t moved the age of becoming a legal adult to twenty-one. Back in 1984 the government wanted to get a firm grasp on the country and wanted to knock them into line. So they made a deal with all the states that simply stated. Either make the minimum drinking age twenty-one or lose up to 10% of the federal highway funding. Now that’s s ome serious cash, so of course all the states went along with it and that is how the minimum drinking age came into play. The federal government did not just pick the number twenty-one out of a hat. Twenty-one came from the early English century. That was the age you could vote or become a knight back in that day. Since they became an adult then it only makes sense that they can drink. (Why Is the Drinking Age 21?). Which goes back to my first point, why are eighteen year olds considered adults at eighteen, but cannot drink?Show MoreRelatedThe Debate Over The Drinking Age1025 Words   |  5 Pageshave always wondered why the drinking age was raised to twenty-one. I have looked and researched the following information but still don’t have a true explanation as to why it was raised to the age of twenty-one. The movement called Amethyst Initiative began recruiting university presidents to provoke national debate about the drinking age. College Presidents from about 100 of the nation’s universities, are calling on law makers to consider lowering the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen byRead MoreDebate on the Legal Drinking Age736 Words   |  3 PagesThe drinking age has been twenty-one for the past thirty years, but for the past few years, there have been debates on changing the drinking age back to eighteen. Most individuals under twenty-one have consumed an alcoholic beverage; many have done so because he or she thinks it is cool and/or his or her friends want him or her to. Regardless of why individuals drink before the legal drinking age, if those individuals are caught by authorities, the individual(s) will have to face the consequencesRead MoreThe Debate Over The Drinking Age2461 Words   |  10 Pagesexplores the debate over whether the drinking age should be lowered or raised in the United States. Multiple different sources are provided, each offering a different opinion. The article discusses the ethical, pathological, and emoti onal effects if the drinking age were to be lowered or raised. If the drinking age were to change, how would society react to this change and what would be the long term effects. Drinking has always caused negative effects, yet how would changing the age effect personalRead MoreThe Drinking Age Debate for Young Adults1360 Words   |  5 PagesThe Drinking age debate for young adults have been very controversial since the 1970s to the present days.The Drinking age have been very controversial between the age of 18 and the age of 21. For many years, Most people wanted the drinking age to be 18 because they believe since u are an adult u are mature. On the other hand the other side believes that keeping the legal drinking age at 21 causes less accidents and deaths. They have been many studies on why the drinking age shouldnt be 18. ThereRead MoreThe Debate On The Minimum Legal Drinking Age2364 Words   |  10 PagesThe Debate on the Minimum Legal Drinking Age There has been a debate going on about the minimum legal drinking age, or â€Å"MLDA†. Some people believe it has no impact on our youth, and should thus be lowered to the standard age of adulthood, age 18. They refuse to acknowledge the true significance of this law, however, and continue to see it as a futile attempt to control the inevitable. Yet in reality, having an MLDA of 21 has many benefits, and stands for a healthier view of alcohol consumption,Read MoreThe Debate Over A Proper Legal Drinking Age1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate over a proper legal drinking age has been ongoing for decades. Some people believe twenty-one is the right age for legally consuming alcohol, while others believe twenty-one is too old. There are many supporters of an age limit of eighteen on alcohol consumption, but it has not been enough to sway Congress away from their set age of twenty-one. One major advocate for the age of twenty-one is the organization MADD, or â€Å"Mothers Again st Drunk Driving†. This organization supports the age ofRead MoreEssay about Debate Over the Legal Drinking Age1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Debate Over the Legal Drinking Age College life is filled with changes. It is filled with many new experiences. As college students, we are on our own, adults. As adults we are responsible for keeping up to date on information that affects us. One issue that affects college students nation wide is drinking. The current legal drinking age in the United States is twenty-one years of age. The Federal government raised the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 in 1984. Even with the current drinkingRead MoreResearch Paper Drinking Age1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal drinking age refers to the youngest age at which a person is legally allowed to buy and consumes alcoholic beverages. The drinking age varies from country to country. Here in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. There has been much debate on whether the drinking age in the United States should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. People in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one believe that there will be less alcohol related injuries and deaths fromRead MoreQuicker Liquor Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesShould We Lower the Drinking Age? | 18 vs. 21 | â€Å"Quicker Liquor† A Short Research Paper Should the legal drinking age be lowered? Those who supported the change for the 2009 re-authorization of the law (dubbed Pro 18), and those who wanted the law to remain at the current age of 21 (dubbed Pro 21), had three major categories to explore for this debate: safety, binge drinking and maturity. There is opposition and support on both sides of the issue including a coalition founded inRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age to 18 May Help Reduce Binge Drinking1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate of the drinking age has been long discussed throughout America. The drinking age has been 21 for the last 22 years, and people around the country have wondered weather or not this was the right call. People say that 18 year olds may not be mature enough to drink alcohol and might not know when to stop. It isn’t that teenagers don’t know how to stop, but rather have not been properly taught when enough has been consumed or how to drink responsibly. Changing the drinking age from 21

Christianity And The Islamic Faith Essay - 1837 Words

Death is inevitable, we cant change the fact only accept it, what we can choose is our faith, who and what we believe in. Each religion is different they all have a different take and belief in what happens to us and our souls after we die. In this report I am focusing on two different religions and what they believe happens during life after death. My two religions are Catholicism and Islam. In the Islamic religion, beliefs are a key staple in their religion, there is a quote in the Quran stating that Righteous is he who believes in Allah and the Last Day and the Angels and the Scriptures and the Prophets (2:177). This quote outline the most important doctrines in the islamic faith. The islamic faith teaches that there is one god which is a monotheistic view on the world. The religion is held up by the 6 articles of faith, they are the belief in Allah, Angels, divine books, prophets, day of judgement and the Allah’s predestination. Their faith was founded by a mann named Mohammed in 610 A.D during his time a polytheism belief has in place, meaning the people worships and prayed to more than one god. Mohammed had a vision of an angel telling him â€Å"There is only one God, and His name is Allah. Worship Him.† This is what started the Islamic religion and the now monotheistic belief of the muslim people. Just like the other religions the Muslims aisles have a sacred book called the Quran they believe that the Quran was sent to Mohammed by Allah through an angel. In theShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam1157 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (â€Å"Islam†). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (â€Å"Christianity†). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faith, prayer, and a period of sacrificeRead MoreEssay Understanding Islamic Religion and Culture1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is your view on the Islamic religion and culture? Did you know they are the fastest growing religion in the world today, with eighty-percent now developing outside the Arab world(Belt, Don) Today’s generation does not show much interest or knowledge of their own religion; let alone the Islamic people. Most people only expose themselves to information that matches their own opinio ns and beliefs. Instead of learning and exploring new things about the world they stick to what they know becauseRead MoreThe practises, beliefs and values of Christianity and Islam have an impact on Australia society;1600 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues of Christianity and Islam have an impact on Australia society; however, the media exploits the perceived tension between the two groups which has led to discrimination and violence. Over many years the way of which an individual lives their life has been shown to be affected by the religion of which they follow. This affects the way of life throughout the community surrounding these people, as well as having an impact on the social issues throughout this particular community. Christianity has aRead MoreJudaism, Islam, and Christianity Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pages Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are some of the religions that most individuals can relate to, being the three largest religions in the world. Like many religions they sh are many differences and also some similarities. One difference that these religions hold is their view of Jesus Christ. Similarities are surprisingly common to find among some religions because of the basis they put on one another. Some similarities between these religions include: belief of monotheism and the influence of ZoroastrianismRead MoreThe Function Of Prayer And The Islamic Faith1430 Words   |  6 Pagesnature of the one who prays.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard   Islam is a monotheistic faith which centers around the sovereignty of Allah, the five pillars of faith, and the sanctity of the Qur’an.   Christianity views Islamic prayer as an opportunity for the real God reveal the truth to Muslims.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world† (Taylor).   In Islam, Allah is almighty (Qur’an Sura 67:2).   The five pillars of faith, Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Hajj and Sawm, are a constant reminder of a Muslim’sRead More Trinity of Beliefs Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages We study different religious faiths in order to understand other people. Many people have strong religious convictions, and it would be impossible to understand them without first understanding their faith. Which is why when studying the early Western World the religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are all closely related, are examined. All three of these religions are Western, they are monotheistic, and together they form the Abramic religions. Judaism is the oldest, dating from aroundRead MoreChristianity And The Religion Of Islam1180 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity and the religion of islam have many differences. I believe it’s time fo r someone to go into depth of how Christianity and Islam are similar and different. One thing to remember is that all this is based on Historical discoveries, and my opinions are based on my research. So, without further ado, let’s get started. Take in mind that I have never read the, â€Å"Qur’an†, or the, â€Å"Holy Bible†. I will try my best to make everything factual. The descendant - Christianity: All christians believeRead MoreWorld Religions and the North Africa/Southwest Asia Realm854 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions; Christianity, Judaism and Islam. Centuries of conflict lie at the heart of this realm due to differences in religious beliefs. In reviewing the scripture readings presented for this lesson, each religion has one intrinsic similarity; that is the belief in God. Where both Islam and Judaism view God as one entity, Christians believe in the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit), (Islam, Judaism and, 2004-2013). Review of the scripture readings show that both Judaism and Christianity areRead MoreReligions : Commons Goals Vs. Pretend Pluralism Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"pretend pluralism†. There are many major and minor religions that have guided people in their morals and beliefs. Religions, such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. All five of these current, major religions have vast differences, but may have common goals in their morals, traditions, etc. Two of the most practiced religions, of these five, are Christianity and Islam. These two religions are constantly at battle with one another, but what many people don’t see is that there are justRead MoreSimila rities and Causes for Unfamilirity between Christianity and Islam1566 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress two of the most dominant faith traditions; Islam and Christianity. Regardless of my own religious beliefs, there is no denying that Islam and Christianity share many similar tenets that go unrecognized or ignored by followers of each monotheistic faith. The identification of these similarities and the causes for unfamiliarity between the two religions is my paramount goal within the parameters of this paper. Analysis of Similarities Islam and Christianity share a fundamental connection in

Generic devolopment proces Free Essays

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Generic devolopment proces or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas. Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product’ view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E. Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues’, such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the dates fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation’ rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected’ delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice. Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere established. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism’s of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products. For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process. The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participating parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework. This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to date of some of this work will be described in subsequent sections Principles As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works. As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job’. This has resulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process’ will have to cover the whole ‘life’ of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project. It also focuses at the front-end’ activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems encountered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce. This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate’ approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generation process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go’ decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol’s phase gates. Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates’ allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper’s comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly. This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed. In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production difficulties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team’s† performance. In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder’ view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making. Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom’s, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction. This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a central repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe’s expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation. The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of representing this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin’s (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project’s in dustrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy. However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference to the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper’s discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate’ models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it’s inherent reminisces. As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Furthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project’s partner representatives. Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change’ such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction. Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business considerations of any potential project which aims to address a client’s need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client’s need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages. However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need’. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in these early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client’s need is developed into an appropriate design solution. Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it’s concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze’, although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for improved communication and co-ordination between the project’s participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client’s decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry. At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it’s associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client’s requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins. The ‘hard gate’ that divides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace’ approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic. The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project’s Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones’ The earlier involvement of the project’s participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project’s participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division. A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represented on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased. The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones’. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, membership of the ‘zones’ is determined by the specific project task and/or process. For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones’ are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project. Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer’s needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player’ in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project’s participants and sanction progress or cessation. Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Change Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones. A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management’s ‘agent’, it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the How to cite Generic devolopment proces, Papers

Critical Study - Othello Essay free essay sample

A play dominated by deep, extreme interactions between characters and audience is The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice, written by William Shakespeare in 1406. The intense relationships between characters are a focus point of which honesty and deception are at the base within this play. Iago uses Roderigo, Emilia and Cassio as pawns, tools, and guides the interlocking pieces in his puzzle to eventually strike at Othello and unleash the devastating horrors of jealousy, in order to denounce him from upper society and loss of vital respect and reputation. Roderigo is unknowingly exploited for money and manipulated during Iago’s personal quest of vengeance against Othello. Many times Roderigo and Iago both reference to the prominent fact that Roderigo is Iago’s beneficiary, his money bag, but what Roderigo does not realise is that he is in fact continuing to provide for non-existent results and is being misused by Iago. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study Othello Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roderigo is honest in his lust for Desdemona and Iago deceives him with it. Upon Roderigo’s acceptance of defeat and surrender it is Iago that persuades him to keep on, and to â€Å"put money in thy purse† Act 1: Scene 3. He repeats and reuses this phrase to emphasise their meaning throughout his debate for Roderigo to persist in the pursuit of Desdemona (i. e. money for Iago). Roderigo is but a trust fund and dupe in Iago’s grand scheme against Othello. Regardless of Emilia being the voice of reason in Othello, even she succumbs to Iago’s deceptions. In Act 3: Scene 3 Emilia finds Desdemona’s handkerchief, â€Å"I am glad I have found this napkin/This was her first remembrance from the Moor† yet despite knowing its importance, she gives it to her husband (Iago). Emilia doesn’t know what Iago will do with Desdemona’s precious handkerchief nonetheless she yields, â€Å"I nothing but to please his fantasy†. Upon receiving it from his wife he dismisses her and her questions with, â€Å"Be not acknown on’t; I have use for it. Go, leave me,† he uses high modality and authority enforcing his superior place and dominion over her as his property as women were in Shakespeare’s Jacobean era. Emilia shows her honesty and naivety to her husband’s plans but still betrayed Desdemona to be a true and faithful wife; Iago does earnestly want this handkerchief but as he does with most things, lies to acquire it. The handkerchief is the catalyst within his plot of Cassio and Desdemona’s supposed affair, which sows the dissention between Othello and his newlywed bride. Cassio is a mere puppet to the skilled puppeteer of Iago’s pretense and deviousness, a key element and casualty of Iago’s conspiring plot. Although Iago’s final aim is shrouded, his malicious ambition is clearly evident when he says, â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup upon him With that which he has drunk to-night already He’d be as full of quarrel and offence As my young mistress’ dog† in Act 2: Scene 3. His use of simile and bestiality of comparing people to animals fully portrays his purposeful wrongdoing, vindictive nature, and the evilness of his intent. The character of Cassio lies at the heart of this induced make-believe scandal, his honesty and loyalty to Othello, Desdemona and for fellow comrades (Iago) is what blinds him to the defamation of first himself and then also Othello in the collusion manufactured by Iago. Othello’s character progresses throughout the play Othello along a pathway deliberately set by Iago with misleading and false accusations, which in turn brings Othello’s downfall. Othello becomes the very persona of the green-eyed monster of jealousy just as Iago foreshadowed in Act 3: Scene 3, â€Å"O, beware, my lord, of jealousy;/It is the green-eyed monster whish doth mock†. During his reveal of the supposed affair of Desdemona and Cassio, Iago’s character uses language techniques such as pause, intonation and inflection as Shakespeare intended, causing Othello to get frustrated, impatient and underlying annoyance, which leads him to say, â€Å"By heaven I’ll know thy thoughts†. Iago lulls a false sense of safety and false anxiety leading Othello to believe he is honest, especially when he says â€Å"I should be wise, for honesty’s a fool/And loses that it works for†, â€Å"To be direct and honest is not safe† in Act 3: Scene 3. Othello believes Iago is honest and trusts him undoubtedly because of the mateship that exists between comrades, Iago uses this connection to mislead and manipulate him. Iago is a conniving and deceiving puppeteer to all those in the play, all in order to attempt to bring Othello’s downfall of office, respect, and reputation. Through Iago’s intelligence and knowledge of potential and existing weaknesses within characters he is able to tell and lie to the characters, effectively manages to manipulate and bring about the final tragedy in Othello. The concept of honesty and deception between throughout this play by William Shakespeare is intense, important, and prominent.